When the quartz contains impurities such as iron, aluminum and titanium, it will make quartz appear rich in color 5.
It is widely distributed in the crust and the origins are all over the world, such as Brazil, Uruguay, Canada, Sri Lanka 1, Rwanda 2, Morocco 3 and Arizona 4, etc. A more appropriate heating temperature to obtain citrine by heating amethyst is about 560 ☌.Īmethyst is a kind of α-quartz with beautiful violet color. When the initial color is darker, the color difference of heated amethyst is larger, and the easier it is to change the color after heat treatment. The color change degree of heated amethyst is related to its initial color.
The color at different temperatures can be divided into three stages: The amethyst stage with temperature below 420 ☌, the prasiolite stage with temperature between 420 and 440 ☌ where the color center is the most unstable, the citrine stage with temperature above 440 ☌. The absorption band at 545 nm in the UV–visible spectrum can be related to a charge-transfer transition of Fe 3+ and O 2−, which has a significant relationship with amethyst lightness and chroma. The results show that the amethyst color has no significant relationship with cell parameters but the crystallinity index decreases as temperature rises. The effect of heat treatment on amethyst color was studied from a new perspective of chromaticity of gemstones and the cause of amethyst coloration was discussed based on the results of X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy.
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